From active speculation to risk management, buying and selling options on futures can give traders ample flexibility in the market. However, unlike trading standardized futures products, trading options contracts requires a bit more skill and expertise. Let’s look at the mechanics of buying versus selling options contracts.
Before making a direct comparison between buying and selling options on futures, let’s get back to basics and explore what options contracts are.
Simply put, an options contract is the right—but not the obligation—to buy or sell an underlying futures contract at a specified price. Options on futures offer buyers and sellers tremendous strategic flexibility when engaging the world’s most popular asset classes. Commodities, stocks, currencies, and equities indices can all be traded using such options.
Traders generally use options on futures to earn income, hedge risk, and speculate on market conditions. These options are considered derivatives because they get their value from underlying assets. An option contract generally represents 100 shares of an underlying stock but can be written on virtually any type of asset, including futures contracts.
Once a market participant has purchased a futures option, they’ll likely keep an eye on price movement. If the futures price increases, they can exercise that option and assume a long futures contract, but they don’t have to.
Because this option has increased in value, traders can offset it by selling back the same option and earning a profit. However, if the futures price dips below its original value, traders can simply allow it to expire, losing the money that was initially invested.
Selling options on futures is a great way to earn a profit—investors have access to the option’s premium up front, assuming the option expires with no value. Sellers take advantage of passing time and can carry out an offsetting trade at a premium with less value as the option’s value decreases. Naturally, selling options carries some risk too, especially if market volatility is high, because there’s no exit strategy.
In the live market, there’s a big difference between selling a futures contract and selling a call option. Becoming proficient at each requires a bit of education and due diligence. In the case of selling options, it’s important to understand how time, implied volatility, and pricing are related. By doing so, you can design more suitable options-writing strategies.
Buying options on futures requires a smaller financial investment up front because options contracts cost significantly less than a trader would be required to pay when directly purchasing futures contracts.
Options on futures work similarly to options on stocks, except the underlying security is a futures contract. This is less risky because it gives you the option to buy but not the obligation. Anyone who purchases options on futures isn’t required to complete a trade. Options are traded based on how the value is expected to move (increase or decrease), which gives the buyer two options:
Additionally, if your predictions regarding a stock’s price movement within a specific time frame are incorrect, your losses only include the amount you paid for the options contracts (the premium) and applicable trading fees. Options contracts also provide trading flexibility because traders can employ many strategies before an options contract expires.
No matter what product you’re trading, buying and selling are typically the two most fundamental aspects involved.
In most markets, when a buy order is carried out, a new long position is opened. When a sale takes place, either an existing long is closed or a new short position is created at market. These actions are an essential part of the futures, currency, and equity trades.
When compared to more traditional securities, the functionality of options on futures is somewhat unique. Though it may be true that buying and selling options contracts are basic functions of active trading, each can be accomplished in multiple ways using call and put options. Here is a quick breakdown of each action:
When you buy a call or put option, the premium refers to the price paid for the opportunity to execute the contract according to its specifications. The premium is the liability assumed by the trader. If a beneficial move in price deems a contract “in the money,” a financial gain may be secured only after the premium is exceeded.
Strategies for buying calls and puts may be developed to favor either the bullish or bearish side of the market. For example, when you buy a call option, you open a long position and profits are realized from price appreciation. If you buy a put, you assume a bearish market stance with gains banked from falling asset prices.
In contrast to buying calls and puts, selling options on futures is considered somewhat counterintuitive. Instead of paying the contract’s premium for the right to buy or sell at some future point in time, you collect the premium up front and are “assigned” the obligation to sell a product, if exercised. This distinction is important because liabilities of uncovered positions can potentially be unlimited.
When you sell or “write” an options contract, any number of strategies may be put into play using calls and puts. Here are a few:
As you can see, a bit of nuance is involved in buying versus selling call options and put options dynamics. Although buying calls and puts is great for gaining direct market exposure, selling can also be profitable. Ultimately, the responsibility falls on the trader to decide whether to buy or sell options contracts.
It’s no secret that market participants selling options on futures typically outperform buyers at a nearly 60/40 clip. The odds favor the party that writes the contract because of the concept of time decay.
Options contracts are considered perishable securities because they have an expiration date. As time passes, the chances for “out of the money” positions to expire worthless increases.
In addition, periods of low-implied volatility can hamper the odds of significant pricing variations above and below strike. This is an important element of options contracts and another that favors the seller. Accordingly, implied volatility is key in the buying versus selling options on futures dichotomy. If you anticipate high-implied volatility, it may be better to buy options rather than sell. In the case of low-implied volatility, selling calls and puts may be a superior strategy.
So, if the chances of success are skewed in favor of the contract writer, why doesn’t everyone sell options on futures?
The answer is simple: risk.
Most traders want to avoid potential losses and wasted time. Upon writing an option, the seller is assuming what could be unlimited potential losses. If not properly covered by separate market positions, periods of high market volatility or untimely black swan events can cause catastrophic losses.
It’s generally advised to buy options contracts when market volatility is expected to increase and sell options when volatility is expected to decrease. By doing so, you can either directly profit from market swings or gain the premium paid for writing the contract.
Are you still confused about whether to buy or sell call options and put options? Want to know more about buying versus selling options? Perhaps a bit of education is in order!
Before diving into futures markets headfirst, you must be familiar with the basics of trading. A great way to learn the ins and outs of your options on futures is to take the free StoneX online “Options Strategies” course. It will get up to speed on strategies such as covered calls, married puts, spreads, and more. Don’t wait—expand your knowledge of options on futures today.